TY  - BOOK
AU  - Van Belle,Gerald
ED  - Books24x7, Inc.
TI  - Statistical rules of thumb
SN  - 0471402273 (pbk. : alk. paper)
U1  - 519.5 VAN 21
PY  - 2002///
CY  - New York
PB  - Wiley-Interscience
KW  - Mathematical statistics
KW  - Electronic books
KW  - lcsh
N1  - Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-205) and indexes; 1; The Basics; 1.1; Distinguish Randomized and Observational Studies; 1.2; Beware of Linear Models; 1.3; Understand Omnibus Quantities; 1.4; Independence, Equal Variance, and Normality; 1.5; Models As Simple As Possible, But Not More Simple; 1.6; Do Not Multiply Probabilities More Than Necessary; 1.7; Know the Sample Space for Statements of Risk; 1.8; Use Two-sided p-Values; 1.9; p-Values for Sample Size, Confidence Intervals for Results; 1.10; Use at Least Twelve Observations in Constructing a Confidence Interval; 1.11; Know the Unit of the Variable; 1.12; Know Properties Preserved When Transforming Units; 1.13; Be Flexible About Scale of Measurement Determining Analysis; 1.14; Be Eclectic and Ecumenical in Inference; 1.15; Consider Bootstrapping for Complex Relationships; 1.16; Standard Error from Sample Range/Sample Size --; 2; Sample Size; 2.1; Begin with a Basic Formula for Sample Size; 2.2; No Finite Population Correction for Survey Sample Size; 2.3; Calculating Sample Size Using the Coefficient of Variation; 2.4; Do Not Formulate a Study Solely in Terms of Effect Size; 2.5; Overlapping Confidence Intervals Do Not Imply Nonsignificance; 2.6; Sample Size Calculation for the Poisson Distribution; 2.7; Sample Size for Poisson With Background Rate; 2.8; Sample Size Calculation for the Binomial Distribution; 2.9; When Unequal Sample Sizes Matter; When They Don't; 2.10; Sample Size With Different Costs for the Two Samples; 2.11; The Rule of Threes for 95% Upper Bounds When There Are No Events; 2.12; Sample Size Calculations Are Determined by the Analysis --; 3; Covariation; 3.1; Assessing and Describing Covariation; 3.2; Don't Summarize Regression Sampling Schemes with Correlation; 3.3; Do Not Correlate Rates or Ratios Indiscriminately; 3.4; Determining Sample Size to Estimate a Correlation; 3.5; Pairing Data is Not Always Good; 3.6; Go Beyond Correlation in Drawing Conclusions; 3.7; Agreement As Accuracy, Scale Differential, and Precision; 3.8; Assess Test Reliability by Means of Agreement; 3.9; Range of the Predictor Variable and Regression; 3.10; Measuring Change: Width More Important than Numbers --; 4; Epidemiology; 4.1; Start with the Poisson to Model Incidence or Prevalence; 4.2; The Odds Ratio Approximates the Relative Risk Assuming the Disease is Rare; 4.3; The Number of Events is Crucial in Estimating Sample Sizes; 4.4; Using a Logarithmic Formulation to Calculate Sample Size; 4.5; Take No More than Four or Five Controls per Case; 4.6; Obtain at Least Ten Subjects for Every Variable Investigated; 4.7; Begin with the Exponential Distribution to Model Time to Event; 4.8; Begin with Two Exponentials for Comparing Survival Times; 4.9; Be Wary of Surrogates; 4.10; Prevalence Dominates in Screening Rare Diseases; 4.11; Do Not Dichotomize Unless Absolutely Necessary; 4.12; Select an Additive or Multiplicative Model on the Basis of Mechanism of Action --; 5; Environmental Studies; 5.1; Think Lognormal; 5.2; Begin with the Lognormal Distribution in Environmental Studies; 5.3; Differences Are More Symmetrical; 5.4; Beware of Pseudoreplication; 5.5; Think Beyond Simple Random Sampling; 5.6; Consider the Size of the Population Affected by Small Effects; 5.7; Statistical Models of Small Effects Are Very Sensitive to Assumptions; 5.8; Distinguish Between Variability and Uncertainty; 5.9; Description of the Database is As Important as Its Data; 5.10; Always Assess the Statistical Basis for an Environmental Standard; 5.11; Measurement of a Standard and Policy; 5.12; Parametric Analyses Make Maximum Use of the Data; 5.13; Distinguish Between Confidence, Prediction, and Tolerance Intervals; 5.14; Statistics Plays a Key Role in Risk Assessment, Less in Risk Management; 5.15; Exposure Assessment is the Weak Link in Assessing Health Effects of Pollutants; 5.16; Assess the Errors in Calibration Due to Inverse Regression --; 6; Design, Conduct, and Analysis; 6.1; Randomization Puts Systematic Effects into the Error Term; 6.2; Blocking is the Key to Reducing Variability; 6.3; Factorial Designs Should be Used to Assess Joint Effects of Variables; 6.4; High-Order Interactions Occur Rarely; 6.5; Balanced Designs Allow Easy Assessment of Joint Effects; 6.6; Analysis Follows Design; 6.7; Plan to Graph the Results of an Analysis; 6.8; Distinguish Between Design Structure and Treatment Structure; 6.9; Make Hierarchical Analyses the Default Analysis; 6.10; Distinguish Between Nested and Crossed Designs - Not Always Easy; 6.11; Plan for Missing Data; 6.12; Address Multiple Comparisons Before Starting the Study --; 7; Words, Tables, and Graphs; 7.1; Use Text for a Few Numbers, Tables for Many Numbers, Graphs for Complex Relationships; 7.2; Arrange Information in a Table to Drive Home the Message; 7.3; Always Graph the Data; 7.4; Never Use a Pie Chart; 7.5; Bargraphs Waste Ink; They Don't Illuminate Complex Relationships; 7.6; Stacked Bargraphs Are Worse Than Bargraphs; 7.7; Three-Dimensional Bargraphs Constitute Misdirected Artistry; 7.8; Identity Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Patterns in Longitudinal Data; 7.9; Use Rendering, Manipulation, and Linking in High Dimensional Data --; 8; Consulting; 8.1; Structure a Consultation Session to Have a Beginning, a Middle, and an End; 8.2; Ask Questions; 8.3; Make Distinctions; 8.4; Know Yourself, Know the Investigator; 8.5; Tailor Advice to the Level of the Investigator; 8.6; Use Units the Investigator is Comfortable With; 8.7; Agree on Assignment of Responsibilities; 8.8; Any Basic Statistical Computing Package Will Do; 8.9; Ethics Precedes, Guides, and Follows Consultation; 8.10; Be Proactive in Statistical Consulting; 8.11; Use the Web for Reference, Resource, and Education; 8.12; Listen to, and Heed the Advice of Experts in the Field; Also available online via the World Wide Web, by subscription to Books24x7 (BusinessPro)
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